Introduction Over half a century after the first tire tracks were pressed into the lunar regolith, surface mobility remains one of the most persistent points of mission failure. Between 1971 and 1972, the Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicles (LRV) encountered "unexpected resistance" and battery-draining torque spikes while traversing the Hadley-Apennine region. In 2013, the Chinese Yutu-1 rover became permanently immobilized after traveling only 114 meters, a failure officially attri